How to Clear a Stuck Print Job in Windows 11

 A failed print job is usually stuck in the Windows print queue, not in the printer itself. Try these steps in order.

1. Cancel the Print Job Normally

• Open Settings → Bluetooth & devices → Printers & scanners.

• Select your printer.

• Click Open print queue.

• Right-click the failed print job and choose Cancel.

• To remove everything waiting to print, choose Cancel all if that option is available.

If the job disappears, try printing again.

2. If the Job Says “Deleting” but Never Disappears

Sometimes Windows tries to delete a print job but gets stuck.

• Turn the printer OFF.

• Restart your computer.

• After Windows has completely restarted, turn the printer back on.

• Check the print queue again.

In many cases, restarting both the computer and printer will clear the stuck job.

3. If the Print Job Is Still Stuck, Clear the Windows Print Spooler

The Print Spooler is the Windows service that manages print jobs. If a job becomes corrupted or stuck, you may need to clear it manually.

• Press Windows key + R.

• Type:

services.msc

• Press Enter.

• Find Print Spooler in the list.

• Right-click Print Spooler and select Stop.

Next:

• Press Windows key + R again.

• Enter:

C:\Windows\System32\spool\PRINTERS

• Press Enter.

• Delete all files inside the PRINTERS folder.

Do not delete the PRINTERS folder itself.

Then:

• Return to the Services window.

• Right-click Print Spooler.

• Select Start.

• Turn your printer back on if it is still off.

Your Windows print queue should now be completely cleared.

Which Method Should You Use?

Always try canceling the print job normally first.

If that does not work, restart the printer and computer.

Use the Print Spooler method when a print job simply will not disappear or remains stuck on messages such as Deleting, Error, or Printing.

These steps work with most printers connected to Windows 11, including printers from Brother, HP, Canon, Epson, Lexmark, and other manufacturers.

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Windows 11 Security for Beginners: Passwords, Scams, Viruses & Identity Theft

 Most people don't need to become computer security experts to stay reasonably safe online.

You don't need to understand firewalls, encryption, malware analysis, or all the other technical terms computer professionals throw around. You just need to develop a few good habits and learn to recognize when something doesn't look right.

Windows 11 already includes some very good security tools. The problem is that no antivirus program can completely protect you if someone tricks you into giving away your password, clicking a dangerous link, or allowing a stranger to remotely control your computer.

That's why computer security isn't just about protecting the computer.

It's also about protecting you.

Start With Better Passwords

Passwords are still one of the most important parts of computer security.

Unfortunately, they're also one of the places where people make the biggest mistakes.

Passwords like:

password123

12345678

your dog's name

your birthday

your children's names

or your telephone number

may be easy to remember, but they're also easier for criminals to guess.

Another common mistake is using the same password everywhere.

Suppose you use the same password for Facebook, Gmail, Amazon, and your bank. If one of those passwords is stolen, the criminal can try that same email address and password on your other accounts.

Suddenly, one stolen password can become several stolen accounts.

A better password is long and unique.

The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, or CISA, recommends passwords that are at least 16 characters long and using a different password for every account.

That doesn't necessarily mean you have to memorize something that looks like:

X7#pQ92!zR4@Lm8$

Instead, consider a long passphrase made from several unrelated words that are easy for you to remember but difficult for someone else to guess.

Don't use my example, but think of something along the lines of four or five completely unrelated words mixed together.

Length is your friend.

Don't Try to Remember Every Password

If you're using a different strong password for every website, you can quickly end up with dozens of passwords.

You're probably not going to remember all of them.

Neither am I.

That's where a password manager can help.

A password manager stores your passwords for you and can create long, random passwords that you don't have to memorize. CISA specifically recommends password managers as a practical way to maintain strong, unique passwords.

Modern browsers and other reputable password managers can also automatically fill your password when you visit the correct website.

That can actually provide another layer of protection. If you're on a fake website pretending to be your bank, for example, the password manager may not recognize it as the real site and may not automatically enter your password.

That should be a warning sign.

Turn On Two-Factor Authentication

A strong password is good.

A strong password plus another form of verification is much better.

You've probably already encountered this.

You enter your password and then the website sends a code to your phone, asks you to approve the login through an authenticator app, or asks for your fingerprint.

That's called multi-factor authentication, usually shortened to MFA or 2FA. You may also see it called two-factor authentication or two-step verification.

The idea is simple.

A criminal might steal your password, but they would still need the second method of identification to get into your account.

Microsoft recommends two-step verification for Microsoft accounts, and CISA recommends enabling MFA on accounts that offer it.

I especially recommend using it on your email, banking, social media, shopping, and Microsoft accounts.

Your email account deserves special attention because password-reset messages for many of your other accounts are probably sent there. If someone takes control of your email, they may be able to reset passwords for several other accounts.

Protect your email account first.

Learn to Recognize a Scam

Some of the most dangerous computer attacks don't start with a virus.

They start with a message.

It might be an email.

It might be a Facebook message.

It might be a text message.

It might even be a telephone call.

The person contacting you may claim to be from Microsoft, your bank, Amazon, PayPal, Facebook, the government, or another organization you trust.

Then comes the pressure.

"Your account will be closed."

"Someone purchased $900 from your account."

"Your computer has a virus."

"Your package cannot be delivered."

"You've won a prize."

"Click here immediately."

The goal is to make you react before you have time to think.

That sense of urgency is one of the biggest warning signs of a scam. CISA and the Federal Trade Commission both warn that phishing messages frequently use alarming language, suspicious links, unexpected attachments, or requests for personal information.

Here's one of the simplest security rules you can learn:

Don't use the link in the message.

If you receive an email supposedly from your bank saying there is a problem with your account, don't click the button in the email.

Open your browser yourself and go to the bank's website the way you normally do.

Better yet, use the bank's official app.

If Amazon supposedly says there's a problem with an order, open Amazon yourself and check your orders.

If PayPal says someone sent money, log into PayPal yourself.

Don't let the message decide where you go.

Your Bank Doesn't Need Your Password

Legitimate companies already have ways to access and manage their systems.

They don't need you to tell them your password.

They also shouldn't need the verification code that was just sent to your telephone so they can "verify your identity."

That code may actually be the final piece a scammer needs to get into your account.

Never give someone a password, PIN, or security verification code because they called, emailed, or texted you asking for it.

And be extremely suspicious of anyone who wants you to install remote-control software so they can "fix" your computer.

Once you give someone remote control of your computer, you're giving them tremendous access to your information.

Windows 11 Already Has Antivirus Protection

I've heard people say that they don't have antivirus software installed on their Windows computer.

They often do.

They just don't realize it.

Windows 11 includes Microsoft Defender Antivirus as part of Windows Security. It provides real-time protection and automatically scans for viruses, malware, spyware, and other threats.

You can check it yourself.

Click Start and type:

Windows Security

Open the Windows Security application.

You'll see several areas of protection.

For most home users, you don't need to start changing advanced settings. You're mainly looking for warnings telling you something needs your attention.

If everything looks good, leave it alone.

Run a Virus Scan

If your computer suddenly starts behaving strangely, you can manually run a scan.

Open:

Windows Security

Then select:

Virus & threat protection

Then click:

Quick scan

Microsoft Defender will check your computer for common threats. Windows Security also provides additional scan options if you need a more thorough examination.

You don't need to run a manual scan every day. Windows Security normally works in the background.

But if something suspicious happens, running a scan is a good place to start.

Leave Real-Time Protection Turned On

Under Virus & threat protection you'll also find settings for Real-time protection.

For most people, this should stay turned on.

Real-time protection allows Windows to examine programs and files as you're using the computer instead of waiting until you manually run a scan.

If some website or stranger on the telephone tells you that you need to disable Windows Security before installing their software, that's a huge red flag.

Stop.

There are legitimate situations where experienced computer professionals temporarily disable security software, but the average home computer user rarely has a reason to do it.

Don't Turn Off the Firewall

Windows 11 also includes Windows Firewall.

Think of a firewall like a security guard standing between your computer and the network.

Its job is to control which network connections are allowed.

Open Windows Security and select:

Firewall & network protection

Your firewall should normally be turned on.

Microsoft specifically warns that opening unnecessary firewall ports or allowing unknown programs through the firewall can make your computer less secure.

If some program you've never heard of suddenly asks for permission through the firewall, don't automatically click Allow.

Ask yourself whether you know what the program is and why it needs network access.

When you don't know, choosing Cancel is usually safer than guessing.

Pay Attention When Windows Warns You

Windows 11 also includes protections designed to warn you about suspicious programs, websites, and downloads.

Open:

Windows Security > App & browser control

Windows uses technologies such as Microsoft Defender SmartScreen and reputation-based protection to identify suspicious websites, downloads, phishing attempts, and potentially unwanted applications.

Sometimes people treat security warnings like annoying advertisements.

Click.

Click.

Click.

Whatever makes the warning disappear.

Don't do that.

Read the warning.

Windows may be trying to tell you that something you're about to install is unknown or dangerous.

Security software doesn't know everything, and occasionally a legitimate program can trigger a warning. But unless you understand why you're receiving the warning and know the program is trustworthy, don't override it just to make the message disappear.

Be Careful What You Download

A virus has to get onto your computer somehow.

One common way is through something you download.

It might pretend to be a useful program, free game, browser extension, video player, driver update, PDF utility, or some other software.

Download software from the company that actually makes it whenever possible.

Be especially careful with websites that cover the screen with several brightly colored DOWNLOAD buttons.

Which one is the real download?

Sometimes that's exactly what the bad guys are hoping you'll wonder.

If you don't know what you're downloading, don't download it.

Keep Windows Updated

Security problems are constantly being discovered in Windows, browsers, and applications.

Companies fix many of those problems through updates.

That's one reason you shouldn't continuously postpone Windows Update.

In Windows 11, open:

Settings > Windows Update

Check for updates and install them.

You may occasionally need to restart the computer before an update is completely installed.

Microsoft and CISA both recommend keeping software updated because security updates repair vulnerabilities that criminals may otherwise exploit.

Updates aren't just about getting new features.

Some of the most important updates are fixing problems you'll never see.

Protect Your Personal Information

Identity theft doesn't necessarily require someone to break into your computer.

Sometimes we simply give away too much information.

Your full name, birthday, address, telephone number, email address, Social Security number, banking information, passwords, and answers to security questions can all become valuable pieces of information.

One piece may not seem important.

Several pieces put together can become very important.

Be careful about what you post publicly on social media.

That cute birthday announcement tells people your birthday.

Pictures of your first car, hometown, high school, pets, children, and family members may also reveal answers to common security questions.

The Federal Trade Commission recommends limiting the personal information you give out and using strong passwords and multi-factor authentication to help protect against identity theft.

What If You Think You Made a Mistake?

Maybe you clicked something and realized afterward that you probably shouldn't have.

Don't panic, but don't ignore it either.

If you only opened a suspicious webpage, close it and run Windows Security.

If you downloaded a suspicious file but haven't opened it, don't open it. Delete it and run a scan.

If you entered a password into a suspicious website, change that password immediately using the legitimate website. If you've used that same password anywhere else, change it there too.

If you gave someone financial information, contact your bank or credit-card company using the telephone number printed on your card or statement—not a telephone number the suspicious caller gave you.

If you approved an unexpected login request, change the account password and review the account's security settings.

Acting quickly can make a big difference.

Security Doesn't Have to Be Complicated

You could spend years learning computer security.

You don't have to.

For the average Windows 11 user, a few basic habits will eliminate a lot of unnecessary risk:

1. Use long, unique passwords and consider using a password manager.

2. Turn on multi-factor authentication, especially for email and financial accounts.

3. Don't click unexpected links in emails, texts, or social-media messages.

4. Never give someone your password or verification code.

5. Leave Windows Security, real-time protection, and Windows Firewall turned on.

6. Pay attention when Windows warns you about a suspicious website, download, or program.

7. Download software only from sources you trust.

8. Keep Windows and your other software updated.

9. Think before giving anyone personal or financial information.

10. When something doesn't feel right, stop before clicking.

That last one may be the most important.

Scammers want you to hurry.

They want you frightened, excited, curious, or confused.

You don't have to play their game.

Close the message. Hang up the telephone. Open the company's legitimate website yourself. Call your bank using a number you already know is correct. Ask someone you trust if you're unsure.

Your computer already has tools designed to help protect you.

Give those tools a chance to do their job—and don't let a scammer talk you into opening the door for them.

Sign up for ExtraHelp.us email updates so you will be notified when I publish new articles about creating a strong résumé, using LinkedIn, building a home lab, protecting yourself online, and developing practical technology skills.

If you found these suggestions helpful, please support this blog by subscribing, leaving a comment, asking questions, or sharing the article with someone who may need it. It only takes a few minutes, and you may help someone change the direction of their life.

I will never share your email address with anyone.

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How to Keep Your Computer Updated, Clean, and Running Faster

 Computers are a lot like cars. You don't have to be a mechanic to own one, but a little routine maintenance can prevent a lot of problems.

The same is true with your computer.

Over time, Windows installs updates, programs accumulate, files pile up, and more programs decide they should start automatically every time you turn on your computer. Eventually, you may notice that the computer takes longer to start, programs take longer to open, or everything just seems slower than it used to.

That doesn't necessarily mean you need a new computer.

Before spending money on upgrades or replacing your PC, there are several simple things you can do yourself.

You don't need to understand how Windows works. You don't need special computer tools. And you certainly don't need to start changing complicated system settings.

Let's keep this simple.

1. Keep Windows Updated

One of the easiest things you can do to keep your computer working properly is also one of the most important:

Keep Windows updated.

Windows updates aren't just about adding new features. Updates can fix problems, improve reliability, and install important security fixes.

Fortunately, Windows normally handles much of this automatically.

But it is still a good idea to check occasionally.

How to Check for Windows Updates

1. Click the Start button.

2. Click Settings.

3. Click Windows Update.

4. Click Check for updates.

If updates are available, Windows will normally download and install them for you.

You may eventually see a message asking you to restart the computer.

Go ahead and restart it when it is convenient.

Don't Keep Putting Off the Restart

We've all done it.

Windows says:

Restart required.

You click:

Remind me later.

Then later becomes tomorrow. Tomorrow becomes next week.

Meanwhile, the update may not be completely installed.

If Windows has installed updates and is asking for a restart, give it one.

Restart Your Computer Occasionally Anyway

There is another reason to restart your computer.

Many people rarely shut down their computers anymore. They simply close the laptop lid or let the computer go to sleep.

There is nothing wrong with that.

But restarting the computer occasionally gives Windows a chance to start fresh and can clear up some temporary problems.

If your computer suddenly seems sluggish or something isn't behaving normally, one of the first things I recommend is simple:

Restart the computer.

You might be surprised how often that fixes the problem.

2. Check How Much Storage Space You Have

Your computer has a storage drive where Windows, your programs, documents, pictures, videos, and other files are stored.

Think of it as a filing cabinet.

If you keep stuffing things into that filing cabinet without ever removing anything, eventually it becomes full.

Your computer is no different.

When storage space becomes very low, Windows can have difficulty installing updates and your computer may begin performing poorly.

Fortunately, checking your storage space is easy.

How to Check Your Storage

Click the File Explorer icon on the taskbar.

It looks like a small folder.

Then click:

This PC

You should see something similar to:

Windows (C:)

Underneath it, Windows will show how much space is being used and how much is still available.

You don't have to understand all the numbers.

The important thing is simply making sure the drive isn't almost completely full.

You can also see more details by going to:

Start > Settings > System > Storage

Windows will show you what is using your storage space.

You may see categories such as:

• Installed apps

• Temporary files

• Documents

• Pictures

• Videos

• Other

This can help you figure out where all that storage space went.

3. Remove Files You Don't Need

This is where people sometimes get nervous.

They see hundreds or thousands of files and start wondering:

What can I safely delete?

The answer is simple.

Don't go looking through Windows system folders trying to decide what should be deleted.

Windows has tools that can help you identify files that are generally safe to remove.

Use Cleanup Recommendations

Go to:

Start > Settings > System > Storage

Then select:

Cleanup recommendations

Windows may show several categories of things that can be cleaned up, including temporary files, unused apps, or large files.

Take your time and look through the recommendations.

You do not have to delete everything Windows suggests.

If you don't recognize something or aren't sure whether you need it, leave it alone.

There is no prize for deleting the most files.

The goal is simply to remove things you know you don't need.

Be Careful With Your Downloads Folder

One folder deserves special attention:

Downloads

Every time you download something from the Internet, there's a good chance it ends up here.

That could include:

• Pictures

• PDF documents

• Software installers

• Forms

• Tax documents

• Manuals

• Email attachments

• Files you downloaded months or years ago

Downloads can quietly grow into one of the largest folders on your computer.

But don't simply delete everything in it.

Open the folder and look through it first.

If you know you don't need something anymore, delete it.

If you want to keep something important, move it into the appropriate Documents, Pictures, or other folder.

Empty the Recycle Bin

When you delete a file in Windows, it usually isn't immediately erased.

It goes into the Recycle Bin.

That's a good thing because it gives you another chance to recover something you deleted accidentally.

But files sitting in the Recycle Bin can still take up storage space.

After you're sure you don't need them anymore:

1. Right-click the Recycle Bin.

2. Select Empty Recycle Bin.

One warning:

Once you empty the Recycle Bin, getting those files back becomes much more difficult.

So check before you empty it.

Let Windows Help With Storage Sense

Windows also has a feature called Storage Sense.

Don't let the name make it sound complicated.

Storage Sense simply helps Windows clean up certain unnecessary files automatically.

To find it, go to:

Start > Settings > System > Storage

Look for:

Storage Sense

You can turn it on and let Windows periodically clean up temporary files.

For many novice computer users, this is much safer than installing some unknown "PC cleaner" from the Internet.

In fact, I generally recommend using the cleanup tools already built into Windows before installing any third-party cleanup program.

4. Uninstall Programs You Never Use

Programs take up storage space too.

And over the years, most computers collect programs that were installed once and never used again.

Maybe you installed a program to do one particular job five years ago.

Maybe the computer came with software you've never opened.

Or perhaps you installed something, tried it once, didn't like it, and forgot it was there.

You can see your installed programs by going to:

Start > Settings > Apps > Installed apps

Look through the list.

If you recognize a program and know you don't use it anymore, you can uninstall it.

Click the three dots beside the program and select:

Uninstall

But use some common sense.

If you don't recognize a program, don't assume you don't need it.

Computers often contain software related to hardware, printers, sound, graphics, security, and other functions.

If you're uncertain what something does, leave it alone until you find out.

Again, the goal isn't to see how much you can delete.

The goal is to remove the things you know you don't need.

5. Stop Unnecessary Programs From Starting Automatically

This is one of my favorite simple ways to improve the way a computer feels.

Over time, programs have a habit of adding themselves to Windows startup.

That means when you turn on your computer, Windows isn't the only thing starting.

You might also have:

• Messaging programs

• Music programs

• Game launchers

• Meeting programs

• Printer utilities

• Cloud programs

• Software update programs

• Other applications

Starting all these programs takes time and uses computer resources.

The funny thing is, you may not even use most of them.

See What's Starting With Windows

Go to:

Start > Settings > Apps > Startup

You'll see a list of programs.

Beside each program is an On or Off switch.

On means Windows will automatically start that program when you sign in.

Off means it won't.

Turning a startup program off does not normally uninstall the program.

You can still open it whenever you want.

You're simply telling Windows:

Don't start this automatically every time I turn on my computer.

What Should You Turn Off?

Here's where I want you to be careful.

Don't look at the list and start turning everything off.

Instead ask yourself:

Do I need this program running every time I start my computer?

Suppose Spotify starts every time you turn on the computer.

Do you need Spotify running all day?

Probably not.

Turn its startup setting off.

You can still click Spotify whenever you want to listen to music.

The same may be true for game launchers, meeting software, messaging programs, and other applications.

But if you don't know what something is, leave it alone until you do.

I especially wouldn't start disabling security software or anything you know is important to your work.

You don't have to eliminate every startup program.

You're simply getting rid of the unnecessary ones.

6. Don't Keep 40 Programs and Browser Tabs Open

Sometimes the computer isn't really the problem.

We're the problem.

We open a browser.

Then another browser window.

Then 15 tabs.

Then Microsoft Word.

Then email.

Then Facebook.

Then YouTube.

Then several other programs.

And we leave everything running.

Every open program needs some of your computer's resources.

The same can be true of browser tabs.

Modern computers are designed to run several things at once, but there is still a limit.

If your computer is running slowly, close the things you aren't using.

You don't need 37 browser tabs open just because you might look at one of them again next Thursday.

Bookmark the page and close the tab.

7. Restart Before Assuming Something Is Broken

I mentioned restarting earlier, but it deserves repeating because this simple step solves so many problems.

If your computer suddenly becomes slow, a program stops responding, the Internet acts strange, or something simply doesn't seem right:

Restart the computer.

Not sleep.

Not close the laptop lid.

Restart.

Click:

Start > Power > Restart

Then give Windows a chance to start normally again.

If the problem disappears, you've saved yourself a lot of unnecessary troubleshooting.

8. Don't Install Every Program That Promises to "Speed Up Your PC"

This is especially important for novice computer users.

You may see advertisements on websites claiming things like:

Your computer has 4,326 errors!

Your PC is running dangerously slow!

Download our PC cleaner now!

Don't panic.

And don't automatically install the program.

Windows already includes tools for updating the computer, managing storage, removing temporary files, uninstalling programs, controlling startup programs, and monitoring security.

For routine maintenance, you usually don't need a mysterious program from an advertisement to do those things for you.

Some cleanup programs are legitimate.

Others may be unnecessary.

And some can create more problems than they solve.

If you don't know what a program is, don't install it simply because an advertisement tells you your computer needs it.

9. Give Your Computer a Little Breathing Room

There is one simple idea behind much of what we've discussed.

Your computer works better when it has some breathing room.

That means:

Don't completely fill the storage drive.

Don't automatically run a dozen programs you never use.

Don't keep unnecessary programs installed forever.

Don't leave everything open all the time.

Don't postpone updates indefinitely.

You don't need to obsess over computer maintenance.

A little attention occasionally is enough.

A Simple Computer Maintenance Routine

You don't need to do this every day.

Once a month, take a few minutes and do the following:

1. Check Windows Update.

2. Restart the computer.

3. Check your available storage space.

4. Review temporary files and Cleanup recommendations.

5. Look through your Downloads folder.

6. Empty the Recycle Bin after checking it.

7. Uninstall programs you know you no longer use.

8. Review your Startup apps.

9. Close programs and browser tabs you aren't using.

That's it.

You don't need to become a computer technician.

You don't need to understand processors, memory management, system services, registry entries, or all the other technical things happening behind the scenes.

You just need to perform a little basic housekeeping.

What If the Computer Is Still Slow?

There is an important point to understand.

Maintenance can help a computer run the way it is supposed to run.

It cannot make an old or underpowered computer magically become a new high-performance machine.

If you've cleaned things up, installed your updates, reduced unnecessary startup programs, restarted the computer, and still have serious performance problems, something else may be going on.

The computer may not have enough memory.

The storage drive may be failing.

A program could be causing problems.

Malware could be involved.

Or the computer may simply be getting old.

But don't jump to those conclusions first.

Start with the easy things.

I've worked with computers long enough to know that people sometimes assume the worst when the solution is something simple.

That's the philosophy behind ExtraHelp.us.

You don't have to know everything about computers.

You just need someone to explain what to do in words you can understand.

Start with the simple stuff.

You might be surprised how much difference it makes.

Sign up for ExtraHelp.us email updates so you will be notified when I publish new articles about creating a strong résumé, using LinkedIn, building a home lab, protecting yourself online, and developing practical technology skills.

If you found these suggestions helpful, please support this blog by subscribing, leaving a comment, asking questions, or sharing the article with someone who may need it. It only takes a few minutes, and you may help someone change the direction of their life.

I will never share your email address with anyone.

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Internet Browsers Explained: Privacy, Downloads, Safety, Bookmarks and Wi-Fi Troubleshooting

Understanding Your Internet Browser: Privacy, Downloads, Bookmarks, Safety and Internet Troubleshooting

Most of us use the Internet every day, but surprisingly few people really understand what happens between the time they click an icon on their computer and the time a website appears on the screen.

You open Chrome, Edge or Firefox, type something into a box, click a link and there it is.

Until it isn't.

Maybe the website looks strange. Maybe a page won't load. Maybe you downloaded a file and have absolutely no idea where it went. Maybe someone told you to clear your cache. Or perhaps you opened an Incognito window because you thought nobody could see what you were doing.

Let's clear up some of the mystery.

First: The Internet, Your Browser and a Search Engine Are Not the Same Thing

This is probably the most important place to start.

The Internet is the enormous worldwide network connecting computers, servers, phones and other devices.

A web browser is a program you use to view websites on that network.

Popular browsers include:

• Google Chrome

• Microsoft Edge

• Mozilla Firefox

• Apple Safari

• Brave

• Opera

A search engine is a website or online service that helps you find information on the Internet.

Examples include:

• Google

• Bing

• DuckDuckGo

• Yahoo

So Chrome is not Google Search.

Chrome is a browser made by Google. You can actually use Bing as your search engine inside Chrome.

Likewise, Edge is Microsoft's browser, but you can use Google Search inside Edge.

Think of the browser as your vehicle and the search engine as one of the places you can visit with it.

---

What Does a Browser Actually Do?

When you visit a website, your browser receives instructions and information from a web server.

Among other things, that may include:

HTML — the basic structure and content of the page.

CSS — instructions controlling things such as fonts, colors, spacing and positioning.

JavaScript — programming that allows the website to do more advanced things such as opening menus, processing forms, displaying interactive content or updating information without reloading the entire page.

Your browser takes all of this information and turns it into the webpage you see.

That process is called rendering.

Browsers use something called a rendering engine to do it. Chrome uses the Blink engine, Firefox uses Gecko, and Safari uses WebKit. Microsoft Edge is now based on Chromium and also uses Blink.

Why Can the Same Website Look Different in Different Browsers?

Web standards have improved tremendously, so most modern websites should look fairly similar in Chrome, Firefox and Edge.

But "fairly similar" does not always mean identical.

Different browsers may interpret certain website instructions a little differently. There can also be differences in:

• Fonts

• Spacing

• Graphics

• Video playback

• Forms

• JavaScript behavior

• Security settings

• Privacy settings

• Browser extensions

• Zoom level

Your operating system can make a difference too.

This explains something I've encountered many times while troubleshooting computers:

If a website isn't working properly, try another browser.

If the site works perfectly in Firefox but not Chrome, for example, you have already learned something important. Your Internet connection probably isn't the problem.

The problem may be related to Chrome itself, an extension, cached information, cookies or a browser setting.

---

Chrome, Edge or Firefox: Which One Should You Use?

There isn't one browser that is perfect for everyone.

Google Chrome

Chrome is extremely popular and generally has excellent website compatibility. It integrates well with Google services and can synchronize bookmarks, passwords and settings across devices when you sign in.

Microsoft Edge

Edge comes with Windows and is based on the same Chromium technology used by Chrome, so websites frequently behave similarly in the two browsers.

If you use Windows heavily or rely on Microsoft services, Edge may be convenient.

Mozilla Firefox

Firefox is developed by Mozilla and uses a different rendering engine from Chrome and Edge.

That's actually one reason I like having Firefox available even if it isn't your primary browser. If something isn't working properly in a Chromium-based browser, Firefox gives you a genuinely different browser engine to test.

Safari

Safari is Apple's browser and is tightly integrated with Macs, iPhones and iPads.

Brave and Opera

There are many alternatives as well. Brave and Opera, for example, are Chromium-based browsers that add their own features and privacy tools.

My advice for the average computer user is simple:

Have at least two browsers installed.

You don't necessarily need to use both every day. The second browser can be a valuable troubleshooting tool.

---

What Is Incognito or Private Browsing?

Chrome calls it Incognito Mode.

Edge calls it InPrivate Browsing.

Firefox calls it Private Browsing.

Despite the names, there is a lot of misunderstanding about what these modes actually do.

Private browsing is mainly designed to prevent certain information about that browsing session from remaining on your computer after you finish.

For example, private browsing generally avoids retaining your normal browsing history and removes temporary cookies and other session information after the private session closes. Firefox specifically warns that Private Browsing does not make you anonymous to websites, your Internet provider or your employer.

That's important.

Incognito Does NOT Make You Invisible on the Internet

Incognito is not an invisibility cloak.

Your Internet provider may still be able to see Internet activity.

A workplace or school network may still be able to monitor traffic.

Websites can still receive information about your connection.

If you sign into Facebook, Amazon, Google or another account while browsing privately, that company obviously knows you are signed into the account.

Private browsing is primarily about limiting what remains locally on the computer.

And there's another thing people often misunderstand:

Files you download in Incognito or InPrivate mode do not magically disappear when you close the browser.

Chrome and Edge both state that downloaded files remain on the computer, and bookmarks or favorites you intentionally create can remain as well.

So if you download a 300-page PDF while using Incognito, closing the Incognito window doesn't delete that PDF.

---

Where Did My Download Go?

This may be one of the most common questions computer users ask.

You click:

Download

The file downloads.

And then you think:

Okay...where did it go?

On a Windows computer, downloaded files normally go into your Downloads folder unless you or the browser have changed that location.

Open File Explorer and look for:

Downloads

You can also usually see recent downloads directly from your browser by clicking its Downloads button or opening its Downloads menu.

Firefox, for example, includes a Show in Folder option that takes you directly to the location containing a downloaded file.

A Better Way to Manage Downloads

You don't have to accept the browser's default location.

You can tell the browser where you want downloaded files stored.

Chrome allows you to change its default download folder from its Downloads settings.

Edge does the same under:

Settings → Downloads → Location → Change

Firefox also lets you choose where downloaded files are saved through its Downloads settings.

Another useful option is:

Ask me where to save each file before downloading.

I actually like this option for people who constantly lose downloaded files.

Instead of dumping everything into one enormous Downloads folder, the browser asks where you want each file.

You might save:

Taxes into Documents\Taxes

Family photographs into Pictures

Software installers into Downloads\Software

Work documents into Documents\Work

The important thing isn't which system you use.

The important thing is that you know where your files are going.

---

Be Careful What You Download

Downloads also introduce one of the biggest Internet security risks.

A website does not necessarily have to look suspicious to be dangerous.

A legitimate website can sometimes become compromised. Malicious advertisements can also appear on websites, and attackers frequently create fake websites that look almost identical to legitimate ones.

CISA recommends keeping browsers updated and warns about risks from malicious websites, insecure browser configurations and unsafe browsing habits.

At a very basic level, follow a few rules.

Download software from the original company whenever possible.

If you need Firefox, get Firefox from Mozilla.

If you need software from Microsoft, start with Microsoft.

Avoid clicking random "DOWNLOAD NOW!" buttons scattered around third-party websites.

Sometimes the biggest download button on the page isn't even the download you were looking for.

It's an advertisement.

Be suspicious of unexpected downloads.

If you visit a website to read an article and your computer suddenly wants to download a program, stop.

Ask yourself:

Why would reading this webpage require me to install something?

Be especially careful with executable files.

Files ending in extensions such as:

.exe

.msi

.bat

.cmd

.scr

can cause Windows to perform actions or install software.

That doesn't automatically make those files bad. Windows programs legitimately use .exe and .msi files all the time.

But you should know why you downloaded one before you run it.

Keep Windows and your browser updated.

Modern browsers contain a tremendous amount of security technology. Updates aren't just about adding new features. They frequently correct security vulnerabilities.

Pay attention to browser warnings.

If Chrome, Edge, Firefox or Windows Security tells you something may be dangerous, don't automatically click through the warning because you really want the file.

Stop and figure out why you're seeing the warning.

---

HTTPS Is Important — But It Does Not Mean a Website Is Honest

You may have heard that you should look for HTTPS or the security indicator in the browser.

That's good advice, but it is frequently misunderstood.

HTTPS means the connection between your browser and the website is encrypted.

That's important.

But a scam website can use HTTPS too.

A padlock or HTTPS connection does not mean:

"This company is trustworthy."

It basically means:

"The connection between me and this website is encrypted."

You still need to pay attention to the actual website address.

For example, attackers often register addresses that are intentionally similar to legitimate companies.

Before entering a password, credit card number or other important information, look carefully at the website address.

---

Learn to Use Bookmarks

Here's another common situation.

You find a fantastic website.

Two weeks later you want to return to it.

You type a few words into Google.

Nothing.

You search your browser history.

Nothing.

You remember that the website had a blue logo and something about computers.

Good luck with that.

This is exactly what bookmarks are for.

Edge calls them Favorites, but the basic concept is the same.

When you find a website you know you'll want again, bookmark it.

Chrome allows you to create folders and organize bookmarks through its Bookmark Manager.

Instead of keeping 300 unrelated bookmarks in one giant list, create folders such as:

• Banking

• Shopping

• News

• Medical

• Government

• Travel

• Computer Help

• Recipes

• Work

• Personal

You can even create folders inside folders.

A few minutes spent organizing bookmarks can save hours of searching later.

---

What Is a Browser Cache?

Sooner or later someone troubleshooting your computer will tell you:

"Clear your cache."

But what exactly are you clearing?

When you visit a website, your browser may temporarily save parts of the website on your computer.

That might include:

• Images

• Graphics

• Scripts

• Stylesheets

• Other webpage components

This collection of temporarily stored information is called the browser cache.

Why save it?

Speed.

If you return to the same website, your browser may be able to reuse some information it already downloaded instead of downloading everything again.

Mozilla describes Firefox's cache as temporary storage for images, scripts and other website components used to make browsing faster.

So Why Would I Ever Clear It?

Occasionally the browser has an old or corrupted copy of part of a website.

The website may have changed, but your browser is still trying to use older information.

The result can be:

• Strange formatting

• Missing pictures

• Buttons that don't work

• Login problems

• Pages that don't update correctly

• Other seemingly inexplicable problems

Clearing the cache forces the browser to retrieve fresh information.

That's why clearing the cache is such a common troubleshooting step.

---

Clearing the Cache Is Different in Different Browsers

Browser menus change periodically, but you will generally find these controls under Settings, Privacy, History or Browsing Data.

Chrome

Look for:

Delete browsing data

Chrome lets you select categories such as cached images and files, cookies and browsing history.

Microsoft Edge

Go to:

Settings → Privacy, search, and services → Clear browsing data → Choose what to clear

Firefox

Go to:

Settings → Privacy & Security

and look for the browsing data/cache controls.

Firefox currently describes cached information as Temporary cached files and pages.

One important warning:

Read the boxes before clicking Clear.

You might want to clear your cache without deleting saved passwords.

Don't blindly select every option unless you understand what it does.

---

What Are Cookies?

No, we're not talking about chocolate chips.

A browser cookie is a small piece of information that a website stores through your browser.

Cookies can be extremely useful.

They can help a website remember:

• That you signed in

• Your language

• Items in your shopping cart

• Website preferences

• Certain session information

Cookies are one reason you don't necessarily have to configure the same website every time you visit it.

But cookies can also be used for tracking and advertising purposes, particularly when information is shared or used across websites.

Modern browsers provide increasingly sophisticated controls for cookies and third-party tracking. Chrome, Firefox and Edge all provide privacy settings allowing users to manage stored site data.

What Happens If I Delete Cookies?

One immediate effect is that websites may forget who you are.

That means you may have to sign back into websites.

A shopping cart might disappear.

Your website preferences may reset.

Deleting cookies can sometimes solve website problems, but don't be surprised when websites suddenly ask you to log in again.

---

Browser History, Cache and Cookies Are Different Things

These three terms often get thrown together, so here's the simple version:

History tells the browser which pages you visited.

Cache stores temporary copies of website components to make pages load faster.

Cookies store small pieces of information associated with websites, including login/session and preference information.

Your browser may also store:

• Saved passwords

• Autofill information

• Addresses

• Payment information

• Download history

• Website permissions

• Location permissions

• Camera permissions

• Microphone permissions

Most browsers give you some control over all of these.

Spend a few minutes looking through your browser's Privacy and Security settings.

You may be surprised at how much is there.

---

Clearing Your Browser Does Not Necessarily Delete Information Stored Online

This deserves its own section because it is a very important distinction.

Suppose you use Google Search while signed into your Google account.

Then you clear Chrome's browser history.

Those are not necessarily the same databases.

You have deleted information stored by your browser on your computer.

There may still be activity associated with your online Google account.

Google's own Chrome documentation distinguishes browser data from other Google activity saved to a Google Account.

The same general idea applies to other online services.

That brings us to another subject that deserves an article of its own.

Check back later for another ExtraHelp.us article where I'll explain how to find, review and delete information associated with your online accounts and search activity, including information maintained by Google and other services.

That's a much bigger subject than simply clicking "Clear History."

---

When a Website Doesn't Work

Before assuming that "the Internet is down," determine exactly what isn't working.

Ask yourself:

Is it one website or every website?

If only one website doesn't work, try:

1. Refreshing the page.

2. Opening the website in a Private or Incognito window.

3. Clearing the browser cache.

4. Trying another browser.

5. Trying the website on another device.

If every other website works, there's a pretty good chance your entire Internet connection isn't the problem.

The website itself may be having trouble.

If nothing works, start looking at the Internet connection.

---

A Strong Wi-Fi Signal Does NOT Mean You Have a Strong Internet Connection

This may be one of the biggest misunderstandings about Wi-Fi.

You look at your computer.

Four or five bars.

Excellent Wi-Fi signal.

Yet Netflix is buffering and websites barely open.

How is that possible?

Because Wi-Fi and Internet are not the same thing.

Wi-Fi is primarily the wireless connection between your device and your router or access point.

Your Internet connection is what connects that router to the outside Internet.

Imagine that your house has a beautiful six-lane driveway connecting your garage to the street.

That driveway represents your Wi-Fi.

But once you reach the street, traffic is completely stopped.

That represents your Internet provider.

Having a perfect driveway doesn't help you get anywhere if the highway is jammed.

You can have an excellent Wi-Fi connection to your router while your actual Internet connection is:

• Down

• Congested

• Overloaded

• Experiencing high latency

• Being throttled

• Suffering from a weak cellular connection

• Experiencing an ISP outage

This is especially important with cellular-based home Internet.

Your computer might show a perfect Wi-Fi connection to the 4G or 5G router sitting ten feet away.

But the router itself may have a poor connection to the cellular tower.

Those are two entirely separate wireless connections.

---

A Simple Internet Troubleshooting Method

Here's a basic approach almost anyone can use.

Step 1: Try More Than One Website

If Google works but one particular website doesn't, your Internet probably isn't completely down.

Step 2: Try Another Device

Try your phone, another computer or a tablet using the same Wi-Fi connection.

If one computer doesn't work but everything else does, focus on that computer.

If nothing in the house works, start looking at the router, modem or Internet provider.

Step 3: Check Wi-Fi

Make sure you're actually connected to the correct Wi-Fi network.

Don't judge the Internet connection solely by the number of Wi-Fi bars.

Step 4: Run a Speed Test

A speed test can help you measure:

Download speed — how quickly information comes to you.

Upload speed — how quickly information leaves your connection.

Latency or ping — roughly speaking, how long it takes information to make a trip across the network and receive a response.

Speed isn't everything.

A connection can have impressive download speed and still perform badly during interactive applications if latency, packet loss or congestion is poor.

Step 5: Restart the Equipment

Restart the modem, router or cellular Internet device.

Also restart the computer if necessary.

It's basic troubleshooting, but it fixes an amazing number of problems.

Step 6: Try Ethernet If Possible

If a computer works perfectly using an Ethernet cable but poorly over Wi-Fi, that points toward a Wi-Fi problem rather than an ISP problem.

Step 7: Check With Your Internet Provider

If multiple devices are having the same problem and rebooting your equipment doesn't help, the problem may be outside your home.

---

Not All Internet Connections Are the Same

There are many ways to connect to the Internet.

The FCC, for example, distinguishes technologies including fiber, satellite, fixed wireless and mobile broadband technologies such as 4G and 5G.

Each technology has advantages and disadvantages.

4G-LTE

4G-LTE has become a very practical Internet option in places where wired broadband isn't available.

Advantages

• Widely available

• Mobile

• Relatively inexpensive equipment

• Can provide very usable broadband speeds

• Easy to install compared with running new cable or fiber

Disadvantages

• Performance depends heavily on signal quality

• Tower congestion can dramatically reduce speed

• Speeds may change throughout the day

• Upload speeds may be relatively low

• Some plans have data limits or throttling

• Buildings, terrain and distance from the tower can affect performance

This is why a 4G connection might deliver excellent speeds at 3:00 in the morning and struggle at 8:00 in the evening.

The tower didn't necessarily move.

There may simply be a lot more people using it.

---

5G Internet

5G is the newer generation of cellular technology.

Under the right conditions, 5G can provide extremely impressive performance.

Advantages

• Potentially much higher speeds than 4G

• Lower latency under good conditions

• Useful alternative where cable or fiber isn't available

• Can support many connected devices

Disadvantages

• Coverage varies considerably

• Different 5G frequency bands behave differently

• Buildings and other obstructions can matter

• Performance can drop significantly with congestion

• A "5G" symbol alone doesn't tell you how fast your connection actually is

Again, don't judge the Internet connection by the icon.

Test the actual connection.

---

Satellite Internet

Satellite Internet can provide service where running cable or fiber would be extremely difficult.

The FCC now distinguishes between geostationary satellite systems and non-geostationary systems such as Low Earth Orbit and Medium Earth Orbit satellite services.

That distinction matters.

Traditional geostationary satellite Internet can have relatively high latency because the signal has to travel an enormous distance.

Newer Low Earth Orbit satellite systems can significantly reduce that latency because their satellites are much closer to Earth.

Advantages

• Available in very remote areas

• Doesn't require fiber or cable infrastructure to reach the property

• Modern satellite systems can provide impressive speeds

• Excellent option where other broadband service is unavailable

Disadvantages

• Requires appropriate equipment and generally a suitable view of the sky

• Obstructions can cause problems

• Weather may affect some services

• Equipment and service can be relatively expensive

• Latency and performance depend heavily on the satellite technology being used

Satellite has become a much more competitive Internet option than it once was, but it still isn't identical to having fiber running directly into your house.

---

Fiber Internet

Fiber uses light traveling through fiber-optic cable to carry information.

For many homes and businesses, it is currently one of the best Internet connection technologies available.

Advantages

• Very high speeds

• Excellent reliability

• Low latency

• High network capacity

• Often excellent upload speeds

• Less vulnerable to many of the interference problems associated with wireless connections

Disadvantages

• Not available everywhere

• Running fiber to rural or isolated properties can be expensive

• Installation may require new physical infrastructure

If good fiber service is available at a reasonable price, it is difficult for most other technologies to beat it for overall consistency.

But availability is often the deciding factor.

The best Internet technology in the world doesn't help much if nobody has installed it on your street.

---

The "Best" Internet Connection Depends on Where You Live

Someone living in a major city may have several fiber providers available.

Someone living in the country may have:

• 4G

• 5G

• Fixed wireless

• Satellite

• An older DSL connection

That doesn't necessarily mean the rural user can't get good Internet.

It simply means the technologies and tradeoffs are different.

And remember:

Your advertised Internet speed and the speed you actually experience are not always the same thing.

Network congestion, Wi-Fi interference, distance, hardware, the website you're visiting and many other factors can affect what you actually see.

---

Don't Be Afraid of Your Browser Settings

One of the goals of ExtraHelp.us is to make computers a little less mysterious.

Your browser is one of the most important programs on your computer.

Open the settings sometime and look around.

Find:

• Privacy settings

• Download settings

• Cookies

• Browsing history

• Cache

• Password settings

• Autofill

• Website permissions

• Pop-up controls

• Bookmarks

• Extensions

You don't need to become an expert.

You simply need to understand what these things do well enough that when someone says:

"Clear your cache."

or

"Check your Downloads folder."

or

"Try opening it in another browser."

you know what they're talking about.

And perhaps most important of all, remember this:

A strong Wi-Fi signal only tells you that you have a good connection to the Wi-Fi network. It does not guarantee that the Wi-Fi network has a good connection to the Internet.

Understanding that one distinction can save you an enormous amount of frustration.

---

Coming Next: What Does Google Actually Remember About You?

Clearing your browser history is only one part of managing your online information.

Search engines, online accounts and other Internet services may maintain information separately from the browser on your computer.

In an upcoming ExtraHelp.us article, I'll show you how to find some of that stored information, review it and delete information you no longer want associated with your accounts.

That's a topic worth exploring all by itself.

Understanding that one distinction can save you an enormous amount of frustration.

---

Terms Explained: All these terms are too confusing!

I know that all this stuff is gonna be information overload for some of you folks, so I'm including the following chart as a quick reference.

Want a copy? Download the printable PDF version of this Internet Acronyms & Browser Terms Quick Reference for future use.

If you found these suggestions helpful, please support this blog by subscribing, leaving a comment, asking questions, or sharing the article with someone who may need it. It only takes a few minutes, and you may help someone who's struggling to understand all this Internet stuff.

I will never share your email address with anyone.

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10 Essential Software Management Skills Every Windows User Should Know

This is the fifth lesson in my nine-part series covering 50 useful Microsoft Windows skills every computer user should know.

Software programs, also called applications or apps, allow your computer to perform useful tasks. You may install programs for writing documents, editing photographs, watching videos, managing finances, communicating with others, or protecting your computer.

Unfortunately, installing the wrong program—or clicking the wrong download button—can also introduce unwanted software, annoying advertisements, browser changes, or malware.

In the accompanying video, I will demonstrate how to safely install and remove software, manage default applications, and avoid programs you never intended to install.

The exact wording and location of some options may vary slightly between Windows 10 and Windows 11.

1. Understand Where Windows Software Comes From

Windows programs are commonly installed from:

• The Microsoft Store

• The software developer’s official website

• A trusted software retailer

• A CD, DVD, or USB drive

• Your employer or organization

• A computer manufacturer’s support website

The Microsoft Store is often one of the safest and easiest places for beginners to install applications because Microsoft reviews the apps and manages the installation process.

However, many useful Windows programs are not available through the Microsoft Store. In those cases, download the installer directly from the software developer’s official website.

Avoid downloading programs from unfamiliar websites simply because they appear first in a search result.

2. Make Sure You Are on the Official Website

Scammers sometimes create fake download pages that resemble legitimate software websites.

Before downloading anything, check the website address carefully.

For example, if you want to download software from Microsoft, Adobe, Brother, Dell, HP, or another company, make sure you are actually visiting that company’s official website.

Be cautious when a download page:

• Opens several pop-up windows

• Claims your computer is already infected

• Displays multiple flashing Download buttons

• Requires unrelated browser extensions

• Asks for payment for normally free software

• Redirects you through several unfamiliar websites

• Tries to install a separate download manager

A professional-looking website is not automatically a trustworthy website.

3. Check the Program Before Installing It

Before installing a program, make sure it is appropriate for your computer.

Check:

• Whether it supports your version of Windows

• Whether it requires a 32-bit or 64-bit system

• How much storage space it needs

• Whether it requires a subscription

• Whether it is free, a trial, or paid software

• Whether your computer meets the system requirements

• Whether the publisher is reputable

You can check whether Windows is 64-bit by opening:

Settings > System > About

Look for System type under the device specifications.

Most modern Windows computers use a 64-bit version of Windows, but you should still verify it before downloading software that offers several versions.

4. Recognize the Correct Download Button

Many download websites contain advertisements designed to look like download buttons.

The real button may say:

• Download

• Download for Windows

• Free Download

• Get the App

• Install

• Download 64-bit

Before clicking, look closely at the surrounding text and confirm that the button belongs to the software you actually want.

Be cautious of large buttons that advertise:

• Driver updates

• Computer cleaning

• Faster downloads

• Virus removal

• Browser extensions

• System optimization

These may be advertisements rather than part of the program you intended to download.

When possible, download software directly from its official website instead of a third-party download site.

5. Understand Installation Files

Windows installation files commonly end with extensions such as:

• .exe

• .msi

• .msix

• .appx

After downloading an installation file, it will usually appear in your Downloads folder.

Do not automatically open every downloaded file. First, confirm:

• The filename matches the program

• The publisher is correct

• The file came from the expected website

• Windows Security did not display a warning

• The file does not have a strange double extension

A filename such as:

PhotoEditor.exe

may be normal.

A filename such as:

PhotoEditor.pdf.exe

should be treated with suspicion because it may be trying to disguise an executable program as a document.

6. Pay Attention During Installation

Do not simply click Next repeatedly without reading each screen.

Some free programs offer additional software during installation. The extra programs may be preselected, meaning they will be installed unless you remove the checkmark or decline the offer.

Watch for options such as:

• Install this additional program

• Change your browser homepage

• Make this your default search engine

• Add a browser toolbar

• Install a free trial

• Send usage information

• Launch automatically when Windows starts

Choose Custom, Advanced, or Manual installation when available. These options may reveal bundled programs or settings that the standard installation hides.

Decline anything you did not specifically intend to install.

7. Understand Windows Security Prompts

When a program attempts to make changes to Windows, you may see a User Account Control message asking:

Do you want to allow this app to make changes to your device?

Before selecting Yes, check the program name and verified publisher.

A recognized publisher does not guarantee that a program is safe, but an unfamiliar or missing publisher is a reason to stop and investigate.

Select No when:

• You did not start an installation

• You do not recognize the program

• The publisher appears suspicious

• The prompt appeared unexpectedly

• You are unsure why the program needs permission

Do not approve a security prompt merely to make it disappear.

8. Keep Installed Software Updated

Software developers release updates to correct security weaknesses, fix errors, and add improvements.

Some programs update automatically. Others notify you when an update is available or require you to check manually.

Whenever possible, update software from inside the program itself or from the developer’s official website.

Be cautious of unexpected pop-ups claiming:

• Your drivers are dangerously outdated

• Hundreds of programs require immediate updates

• Your computer will fail unless you pay

• A special utility must repair your software

Fake update warnings are commonly used to distribute unwanted software and malware.

Windows Update handles many Microsoft and hardware updates, but it does not necessarily update every program installed on your computer.

9. Safely Remove Programs You No Longer Need

Programs you no longer use may consume storage space, run in the background, display notifications, or slow the computer’s startup.

In Windows 11, open:

Settings > Apps > Installed apps

In many Windows 10 systems, open:

Settings > Apps > Apps & features

Find the program, open its options, and select Uninstall.

Follow the instructions on the screen. You may need to restart the computer after the removal is complete.

You can also remove traditional desktop programs through:

Control Panel > Programs > Programs and Features

Do not delete a program by simply removing its folder from the Program Files directory. This may leave behind settings, services, shortcuts, and other files.

Use the program’s proper uninstall option.

10. Manage Default Applications

A default app is the program Windows automatically uses to open a particular type of file or link.

For example, you can choose which program opens:

• Web links

• PDF documents

• Photographs

• Music files

• Video files

• Email links

• Text documents

Open:

Settings > Apps > Default apps

You can search for an application or select a file type, such as:

• .pdf

• .jpg

• .mp3

• .html

Choose the program you want Windows to use.

Be careful during software installation because some programs will ask to become the default application. Do not accept unless you actually want that program to open those files.

Recognize Programs You May Not Need

A new computer often includes trial programs, manufacturer utilities, games, promotional applications, and other preinstalled software.

Some of these programs may be useful. Others may never be needed.

Before removing an unfamiliar program, search for its name and determine what it does. It may be related to:

• Hardware drivers

• Sound or display controls

• Touchpad features

• Printer software

• Backup tools

• Windows components

• Security software

Do not remove something simply because you do not recognize its name.

At the same time, be cautious of programs claiming to:

• Clean the Windows Registry

• Fix thousands of computer errors

• Automatically update every driver

• Double your internet speed

• Increase memory with one click

• Provide free access to paid software

• Remove viruses only after you purchase the full version

Programs that make exaggerated promises often provide little benefit and may create new problems.

Avoid Pirated and Cracked Software

Pirated software may be advertised as a free version of an expensive program, but it often contains modified files designed to bypass licensing protection.

Those same modifications may also install:

• Password stealers

• Remote-access tools

• Ransomware

• Cryptocurrency miners

• Browser hijackers

• Other malware

A free download is not a bargain if it compromises your passwords, financial information, photographs, or personal files.

Use legitimate software from trusted sources. When commercial software is too expensive, look for a reputable free or open-source alternative.

Create a Restore Point Before Major Changes

Before installing an important driver, system utility, or program that makes major changes to Windows, consider creating a System Restore point.

A restore point may help return certain Windows settings and system files to an earlier condition if the installation causes problems.

Search the Start menu for:

Create a restore point

Select your Windows drive, choose Create, and give the restore point a descriptive name.

System Restore is useful, but it is not a substitute for backing up your personal files.

Watch the Step-by-Step Video

In the accompanying video, I demonstrate how to:

• Find software from a trusted source

• Identify the correct download button

• Check a downloaded installation file

• Understand Windows security prompts

• Avoid bundled and unwanted programs

• Install a Windows application

• Update installed software

• Uninstall programs properly

• Choose default applications

• Identify potentially unnecessary software

You can pause the video, follow the steps on your own computer, and replay any section you need to see again.

Installing software is easy. Installing it safely requires slowing down, reading each screen, and understanding what you are allowing the program to do.

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10 Essential Windows Navigation Skills Every User Should Know

This is the fourth lesson in my series covering 50 useful Microsoft Windows skills every computer user should know.

In the previous lessons, I explained basic Windows commands, file management, and how to organize your files and folders. Now we are going to look at the main parts of Windows and how to move around your computer more efficiently.

Many people use Windows every day without fully understanding the Start menu, taskbar, desktop, File Explorer, Settings, and other important areas. Once you understand what each part does, Windows becomes much easier to use.

In the accompanying video, I will demonstrate each of these navigation skills step by step so you can follow along on your own computer.

The exact appearance of some menus and buttons may vary slightly depending on your version of Windows, but the basic functions are generally the same.

1. Understand the Windows Desktop

The desktop is the main screen you see after signing in to Windows.

It may contain:

• Program shortcuts

• Files and folders

• The Recycle Bin

• The taskbar

• Your desktop background

Think of the desktop as the top of a physical desk. It is a convenient place to keep things you use regularly, but it can become cluttered if you save everything there.

Double-click a shortcut, file, or folder to open it.

You can also right-click an empty area of the desktop to change the view, sort icons, create a new folder, or open display and personalization settings.

2. Use the Start Menu

The Start menu is one of the main ways to access programs, settings, files, and Windows features.

Click the Start button, which is normally located on the taskbar, or press the Windows key on your keyboard.

From the Start menu, you can:

• Open installed programs

• Search for files and applications

• Access Windows Settings

• View recently used items

• Open your user account options

• Shut down or restart the computer

You can also pin programs you use frequently to the Start menu so they are easier to find.

3. Search for Programs, Files, and Settings

You do not always need to remember where something is located.

Open the Start menu and begin typing the name of the program, file, folder, or Windows setting you need.

For example, you can search for:

• Calculator

• Notepad

• Printers

• Display settings

• Windows Security

• File Explorer

• A document name

Windows Search can often locate an item faster than clicking through several menus.

When you are unsure where a Windows feature is located, searching for it is usually a good place to start.

4. Use the Taskbar

The taskbar normally appears along the bottom of the screen.

It contains the Start button, pinned applications, open programs, and the notification area.

A program icon with a line or indicator underneath it usually means that the program is currently open.

You can use the taskbar to:

• Open a pinned program

• Switch between open programs

• Preview open windows

• Pin frequently used applications

• Close a program

• Check notifications and system status

To pin a program, right-click its taskbar icon and select Pin to taskbar.

To remove it later, right-click the icon and select Unpin from taskbar.

5. Understand the Notification Area and Quick Settings

The notification area is usually located on the right side of the taskbar near the clock.

It may display icons for:

• Wi-Fi or network access

• Sound volume

• Battery status

• Windows Security

• OneDrive

• Bluetooth

• Background programs

Clicking the network, sound, or battery area opens Quick Settings on many Windows computers.

Quick Settings may allow you to control:

• Wi-Fi

• Bluetooth

• Airplane mode

• Volume

• Screen brightness

• Battery-saving features

• Accessibility options

Some icons may be hidden behind a small arrow. Click the arrow to see additional programs running in the background.

6. Navigate with File Explorer

File Explorer is the main tool used to browse files, folders, drives, USB devices, and network locations.

You can open it by:

• Clicking the folder icon on the taskbar

• Searching for File Explorer

• Pressing Windows key+E

The left side of File Explorer normally provides quick access to locations such as:

• Desktop

• Documents

• Downloads

• Pictures

• OneDrive

• This PC

• USB drives

• Network locations

The address bar near the top shows your current location.

You can use the Back, Forward, and Up buttons to move between folders. You can also click a folder name in the address bar to return directly to that location.

7. Use Windows Settings

The Settings application is where you manage most modern Windows options.

You can open it from the Start menu or by pressing Windows key+I.

Settings includes categories for things such as:

• System and display

• Bluetooth and devices

• Network and internet

• Personalization

• Applications

• User accounts

• Time and language

• Accessibility

• Privacy and security

• Windows Update

You can use the search box inside Settings when you do not know which category contains the option you need.

For example, you can search for:

• Change screen resolution

• Add a printer

• Remove a program

• Change the mouse pointer

• Check for updates

8. Know When to Use Control Panel

The Control Panel is an older part of Windows that is still used for certain settings and administrative tools.

Many options that were once found only in Control Panel have been moved into the Settings application. However, some tools and advanced options may still open through Control Panel.

You can find it by opening the Start menu and searching for Control Panel.

Control Panel may be useful for managing:

• Programs and features

• Devices and printers

• Power options

• User accounts

• Network settings

• Sound options

• Backup and recovery tools

For most everyday changes, begin with Windows Settings. Use Control Panel when a setting is not available there or when instructions specifically direct you to it.

9. Manage Open Windows

Windows allows you to have several programs and documents open at the same time.

Each window normally includes three buttons in the upper-right corner:

Minimize hides the window without closing the program.

Maximize expands the window to fill the screen.

Restore Down returns a maximized window to a smaller size.

Close shuts the window or program.

You can also drag a window by its title bar to move it around the screen.

Dragging a window to the side or corner of the screen may automatically resize it. This feature is useful when you want to view two programs side by side.

For example, you could watch the instructional video on one side of the screen while practicing the lesson on the other.

10. Use Navigation Shortcuts

A few keyboard shortcuts can make moving around Windows much faster.

Windows Key

Opens or closes the Start menu.

Windows Key+E

Opens File Explorer.

Windows Key+I

Opens Windows Settings.

Windows Key+D

Shows the desktop. Press it again to restore your open windows.

Alt+Tab

Switches between open programs and windows.

Hold down Alt, press Tab, and continue pressing Tab until the window you want is selected.

Windows Key+L

Locks the computer without shutting it down.

This is especially useful when stepping away from your computer and you do not want someone else accessing your files.

Right-Click When You Need More Options

One of the most useful Windows navigation habits is learning to right-click.

Right-clicking an item normally opens a menu of actions that can be performed on it.

Depending on what you right-click, the menu may allow you to:

• Open the item

• Copy or move it

• Rename it

• Delete it

• Pin it to the taskbar

• View its properties

• Change settings

• Open additional options

When you are unsure what you can do with a file, folder, program, desktop icon, or taskbar button, try right-clicking it.

Practice Moving Around Windows

The best way to become comfortable with Windows navigation is to explore it.

Practice opening the Start menu, searching for a program, switching between windows, browsing folders in File Explorer, and opening Settings.

You are unlikely to damage anything simply by looking through menus. Just avoid changing settings you do not understand until you learn what they control.

The more familiar you become with the main parts of Windows, the faster and more confident you will be when using your computer.

Watch the Step-by-Step Video

In the accompanying video, I demonstrate how to:

• Use the Windows desktop

• Open and navigate the Start menu

• Search for programs and settings

• Use and customize the taskbar

• Understand the notification area

• Browse files with File Explorer

• Find options in Windows Settings

• Open and use Control Panel

• Manage multiple open windows

• Use helpful navigation shortcuts

You can pause the video, practice each skill on your own computer, and replay any section you need to see again.

Learning how to navigate Windows is one of the most important steps toward becoming a more capable and confident computer user.

If you found this lesson helpful, please leave a comment, sign up for ExtraHelp.us email updates, and share it with someone who may need a little extra computer help.

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